Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer rooms

freeFree Technical Resource

This content is free to read, suitable for basic learning and search traffic.

Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer rooms

1. Overview

17.0~40.0℃

01H

This agreement applies to aircraft modelsMAV006S, MAV008S, MAV008, MAV008T, MAV013T, MAV018T.

2, Optional materials

Specification and modelnameBrand
UT-204E485-232 converter
Three core shielded wireRS485 Connecting lineCustomer provided

3, Transmission mode

The air conditioning unitRS485The transmission mode is as follows::

Baud rateData bitsChecksumStop position
96008None2

4, Frame format

Air conditioning unit supportModbusThe agreementRTUFrame format. As follows::

AddressFunction codeFCdata AddressCRC
1 byte1 byteN bytes2 bytes

5, The communication address of the air conditioning unit (default remote monitoring address is

range from 1 to001)can be modified through manual operation255. remote monitoring address, function code.

Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer roomsFigure
Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer roomsFigure1

6, supports the following function codesFC

function code:

descriptionread coil statusread air conditioning operation status and alarm information and other discrete signals
01eachrepresents, statusbit each byte represents1 status, 1=ON, 0=OFF, status8 less than 8 bits remaining additions,  maximum number of reads at a time, connection0. continuation status200read class register. read input bit status0xxxx read air conditioning operation status and alarm information and other discrete signals.
02eachrepresents, statusbit each byte represents1 status, 1=ON, 0=OFF, status8 less than 8 bits remaining additions,  maximum number of reads at a time) The sentence is:, The remaining additions0. Can read at most once200Individual connection Continued state. Read1xxxx Class register.
03Read and hold registersRead the set values and operating parameters, Each data occupies 2 bytes, The first byte is the high byte, The second byte is the low byte, Read at most once 100A continuous register. Read4xxxx Register
04Read input registerRead the set values and operating parameters, Each data occupies 2 bytes, The first byte is the high byte, The second byte is the low byte, Read at most once 100A continuous register. Read3xxxx Register
05Write statusWrite a status control bit, ON(0xFF00) , OFF(0x0000) .  Write0xxxx Register
06Write a single registerWrite operational parameters, Each parameter occupies 2 bytes, The first byte is the high byte, The second byte is the low byte. Write4xxxx Register.

7, data The length of the data domain varies depending on the command codes used in the request and response

Error verification.

8, Error verification is adopted

Modbus Bytes)16 bit(2 VerificationCRC (Cyclical Redundancy Check )Remote monitoring network connection.

9, As shown in the following figure

The end has been connected to the three core shielded wireRS485-PCAt the terminal (please refer to the indoor unit wiring nameplate for detailsXT1press the button when using),wireA, GND, Bpolarity, correct connection is required (if the main control board cannot communicate normally during debugging, the wiring can be swapped and tried again, the total length of the wiring should not exceed meters note: to ensure the normal operation of the equipment, no data should be written to the reserved address, set parameters on the upper computerABif the cursor displayed on the manual operator is stuck in the page), RS485the manual operator page displays1200the information will not refresh.

Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer roomsFigure2
Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer roomsFigure3

when the cursor returns to the upper left corner of the page position):

1, To ensure the normal operation of the equipment, Cannot write any data to the reserved address.

2, Set parameters on the upper computer,  If the cursor displayed on the handheld device stays on the page,  The manual operator page displays

Information will not refresh, When the cursor returns to the top left corner of the page, The displayed information will only refresh.

Table1 Numerical quantity

DescriptionStatus ON/OFFPage indexMODBUSTYPE
Remote power on/off functionEnable/disableD81R/W
retain--2- 16R
Allow host control functionEnable/disableN517R/W
Setting time intervals for on/offEnable/disableZ118R/W
Set temperature time intervalsEnable/disableZ119R/W
Setting points for humidity time periodsEnable/disableZ120R/W
High temperature simultaneous opening functionEnable/disableN7/U021R/W
Low temperature simultaneous opening functionEnable/disableN8/U022R/W
Key on/off functionEnable/disableD823R/W
retain--24-36R
Forced cooling functionEnable/disableD837R/W
Computer administrator reset alarmAlarm/reset-38R/W
Computer administrator power on/off groupTurn on/off-39R/W
retain--40R
Cooling modeEnter/exitM141R
Heating modeEnter/exitM142R
Humidification modeEnter/exitM143R
Dehumidification modeEnter/exitM144R
Air outlet restriction modeEnter/exitM245R
Dehumidification restriction modeEnter/exitM246R
Dehumidification temperature compensation modeEnter/exitM247R
DescriptionStatus ON/OFFPage indexMODBUSTYPE
Internal fanTurn on/offS748R
compressor 1Turn on/offS849R
compressor 2(reserve)Turn on/offS850R
Electric heating 1Turn on/offS851R
Electric heating 2Turn on/offS852R
DehumidificationTurn on/offS753R
HumidificationTurn on/offS754R
Alarm output statusTurn on/offS755R
Remote on/off (machine)off/onS456R
phase loss alarmalarm/normal-57R
low/high voltage alarmalarm/normalS658R
smoke alarmalarm/normalS559R
fire alarmalarm/normalS560R
water leakage alarmnormal/alarmS561R
air flow alarmalarm/normalS362R
fan overloadalarm/normalS363R
main controller EEPROM faultalarm/normal-64R
compressor 1 high pressure/overloadalarm/normalS065R
compressor 1 high pressure/overloadalarm/normalS166R
compressor 2 high pressure/overload (reserved)alarm/normalS067R
compressor 2 low pressure (reserved)alarm/normalS168R
heater 1 overloadalarm/normalS369R
heater 2 overloadcompressorS370R
starting high pressure alarm 1 alarm/normalalarm/normal-71R
exhaust temperature protection 1alarm)/NormalS172R
Exhaust temperature protection 2(Reserved)Alarm/NormalS173R
Humidifier alarmAlarm/NormalS474R
User defined alarm 1Alarm/NormalS575R
External unit theft alarmAlarm/NormalS476R
Indoor high temperature alarmAlarm/Normal-77R
Indoor low temperature alarmAlarm/Normal-78R
High humidity alarmAlarm/normal-79R
Low humidity alarmAlarm/normal-80R
Air filter blockage alarmAlarm/normalS481R
The running time of the fan has exceeded the limitAlarm/normal-82R
retain--83-84R
Humidifier running time timeoutAlarm/normal-85R
Filter maintenance alarmAlarm/normal-86R
Indoor temperature probe malfunctionAlarm/normal-87R
Indoor humidity probe malfunctionAlarm/normal-88R
Malfunction of the outlet temperature probeAlarm/normal-89R
DescriptionStatus ON/OFFPage indexMODBUSTYPE
Exhaust temperature probe 1 FaultAlarm/normal-90R
Exhaust temperature probe 2 Fault (reserved)alarm/normal-91R
evaporator tube temperature probe faultalarm/normal-92R
pressure probe 1 fault (reserved)alarm/normal-93R
pressure probe 2 fault (reserved)alarm/normal-94R
coil freezing alarmalarm/normal-95R
reserved--96R
compressor 1 high current alarmalarm/normal-97R
reserved--98R
exhaust pressure 1 high pressure alarm (reserved)alarm/normal-99R
reserved 2 exhaust pressure)high pressure alarm (reserved-100R
alarm/normal--101- 105R
reserved 2 host/slavecommunication fault-106R
alarm/normal 3 host/slavecommunication fault-107R
alarm/normal 4 host/slavecommunication fault-108R
alarm/normal 5 Communication failureAlarm/normal-109R
Host/Slave 6 Communication failureAlarm/normal-110R
Host/Slave 7 Communication failureAlarm/normal-111R
Host/Slave 8 Communication failureAlarm/normal-112R
retain--113 
display EEPROM  FaultAlarm/normal-114R

Table2 Analog quantity

DescriptionRangePage indexMODBUSTYPE
Temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃D11R/W
Time zone Actual temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃D02R
Humidity setting point30.0~70.0%D13R/W
Time zone Actual humidity setting point30.0~70.0%D04R
Temperature dead zone00.0~20.0℃D45R/W
Refrigeration deviation00.0~20.0℃D46R/W
Heating deviation00.0~20.0℃D47R/W
Humidification deviation00.0~90.0%D58R/W
Dehumidification deviation00.0~90.0%D59R/W
Minimum temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃D210R/W
Maximum temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃D211R/W
Minimum humidity setting point20.0~100.0%D312R/W
Maximum humidity setting point20.0~100.0%D313R/W
retain---14- 15R
High temperature same opening value00.0~40.0℃N716R/W
Low temperature same opening value00.0~40.0℃N817R/W
Indoor high temperature alarm value00.0~90.0℃D618R/W
DescriptionRangePage indexMODBUSTYPE
Indoor low temperature alarm value00.0~90.0℃D619R/W
High humidity alarm value00.0~100.0%D720R/W
Low humidity alarm value00.0~100.0%D721R/W
retain---22-24R
High temperature and switch back difference00.0~20.0℃N725R/W
Low temperature with same opening and closing difference00.0~20.0℃N826R/W
retain---27-33R
The 1 Time zone temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃Z534R/W
The 2 Time zone temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃Z535R/W
The 3 Time zone temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃Z636R/W
The 4 Time zone temperature setting point17.0~40.0℃Z637R/W
The 1 Time zone humidity setting point30.0~70.0%Z738R/W
No. 2 Time zone humidity setting point30.0~70.0%Z739R/W
The 3 Time zone humidity setting point30.0~70.0%Z840R/W
The 4 Time zone humidity setting point30.0~70.0%Z841R/W
retain---42-48R
Environmental temperature C0/M049R
ambient humidity C0/M050R
Air outlet temperature C051R
retain---52-54R
Humidifier control voltage value00.0~10.0VSa55R
retain---56R
Control voltage value of internal fan00.0~10.0VSa57R
External fan 1 Control voltage value (reserved)00.0~10.0VSb58R
condensing pressure 1 (reserved) Sb59R
external fan 2 control voltage value (reserved)00.0~10.0VSc60R
condensing pressure 2(reserved) Sc61R
reserved---62R

table3 integer quantity

descriptionrangepage indexMODBUSTYPE
fan running time0~65535hourY063R
compressor 1 running time0~65535hourY064R
compressor 2 running time)0~65535hourY065R
electric heating 1 running time0~65535hourY166R
electric heating 2 running time0~65535hourY167R
humidifier running time0~65535hourY168R
reserved---69-88R
rotation type(0 automatic/1 hour/2 time zone)00~02U089R
reserved---90-94R
equipment address (upper computer monitoring)001~255N095R/W
descriptionrangepage indexMODBUSTYPE
reserved---96-97R
time zone temperature setting hour 1 time zone temperature setting minute00~23 (BCD)Z598R/W
time zone temperature setting hour 1 time zone temperature setting hour00~59 (BCD)Z599R/W
time zone temperature setting minute 2 time zone temperature setting minute00~23 (BCD)Z5100R/W
time zone temperature setting hour 2 time zone temperature setting minute)00~59 (BCD)Z5101R/W
No. 3 Time Zone Temperature Setting Hours00~23 (BCD)Z6102R/W
No. 3 Time Zone Temperature Setting Minutes00~59 (BCD)Z6103R/W
The 4 Time zone temperature setting hours00~23 (BCD)Z6104R/W
The 4 Time zone temperature setting in minutes00~59 (BCD)Z6105R/W
The 1 Time zone humidity setting hours00~23 (BCD)Z7106R/W
The 1 Time zone humidity setting in minutes00~59 (BCD)Z7107R/W
The 2 Time zone humidity setting hours00~23 (BCD)Z7108R/W
The 2 Time zone humidity setting in minutes00~59 (BCD)Z7109R/W
The 3 Time zone humidity setting hours00~23 (BCD)Z8110R/W
The 3 Time zone humidity setting in minutes00~59 (BCD)Z8111R/W
The 4 Time zone humidity setting hours00~23 (BCD)Z8112R/W
The 4 Time zone humidity setting in minutes00~59 (BCD)Z8113R/W
Startup time zone F1- 1  Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2114R/W
Startup time zone F1- 1  minute00~59 (BCD)Z2115R/W
Shutdown time zone F1- 1  Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2116R/W
Shutdown time zone F1- 1  minute00~59 (BCD)Z2117R/W
Startup time zone F1-2  Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2118R/W
Startup time zone F1-2  minute00~59 (BCD)Z2119R/W
Shutdown time zone F1-2  Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2120R/W
Shutdown time zone F1-2  minute00~59 (BCD)Z2121R/W
Startup time zone F2      Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2122R/W
Startup time zone F2      minute00~59 (BCD)Z2123R/W
Shutdown time zone F2      Hour00~23 (BCD)Z2124R/W
Shutdown time zone F2      minute00~59 (BCD)Z2125R/W
On/off time zone Monday01~04Z4126R/W
On/off time zone is Tuesday01~04Z4127R/W
Power on/off time zone on Wednesday01~04Z4128R/W
On/off time zone Thursday01~04Z4129R/W
Power on/off time zone is Friday01~04Z4130R/W
On/off time zone Saturday01~04Z4131R/W
On/off time zone: Sunday01~04Z4132R/W
retain---133- 168R
Unit status M0169R/W
retain---170R
minute00~59 (BCD)M0/Z0171R/W
Hour00~23 (BCD)M0/Z0172R/W
DescriptionRangePage indexMODBUSTYPE
Week01~07 (BCD)Z0173R
Day01~31 (BCD)M0/Z0174R/W
Month01~12 (BCD)M0/Z0175R/W
Year00~99 (BCD)M0/Z0176R/W

Note Appendix:

Modbus protocol for air conditioning units used in Midea precision computer roomsFigure4

Verification algorithm2  CRCAppendix

const unsigned8bit ModbusCRCHi[] =

{

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,

0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,

0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,

0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,

0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,

0x81,0x40,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,

0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xc0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xc0,

0x80,0x41,0x00,0xc1,0x81,0x40

};

const unsigned8bit ModbusCRCLo[] =

{

0x00,0xc0,0xc1,0x01,0xc3,0x03,0x02,0xc2,0xc6,0x06,

0x07,0xc7,0x05,0xc5,0xc4,0x04,0xcc,0x0c,0x0d,0xcd,

0x0f,0xcf,0xce,0x0e,0x0a,0xca,0xcb,0x0b,0xc9,0x09,

0x08,0xc8,0xd8,0x18,0x19,0xd9,0x1b,0xdb,0xda,0x1a,

0x1e,0xde,0xdf,0x1f,0xdd,0x1d,0x1c,0xdc,0x14,0xd4,

0xd5,0x15,0xd7,0x17,0x16,0xd6,0xd2,0x12,0x13,0xd3,

0x11,0xd1,0xd0,0x10,0xf0,0x30,0x31,0xf1,0x33,0xf3,

0xf2,0x32,0x36,0xf6,0xf7,0x37,0xf5,0x35,0x34,0xf4,

0x3c,0xfc,0xfd,0x3d,0xff,0x3f,0x3e,0xfe,0xfa,0x3a,

0x3b,0xfb,0x39,0xf9,0xf8,0x38,0x28,0xe8,0xe9,0x29,

0xeb,0x2b,0x2a,0xea,0xee,0x2e,0x2f,0xef,0x2d,0xed,

0xec,0x2c,0xe4,0x24,0x25,0xe5,0x27,0xe7,0xe6,0x26,

0x22,0xe2,0xe3,0x23,0xe1,0x21,0x20,0xe0,0xa0,0x60,

0x61,0xa1,0x63,0xa3,0xa2,0x62,0x66,0xa6,0xa7,0x67,

0xa5,0x65,0x64,0xa4,0x6c,0xac,0xad,0x6d,0xaf,0x6f,

0x6e,0xae,0xaa,0x6a,0x6b,0xab,0x69,0xa9,0xa8,0x68,

0x78,0xb8,0xb9,0x79,0xbb,0x7b,0x7a,0xba,0xbe,0x7e,

0x7f,0xbf,0x7d,0xbd,0xbc,0x7c,0xb4,0x74,0x75,0xb5,

0x77,0xb7,0xb6,0x76,0x72,0xb2,0xb3,0x73,0xb1,0x71,

0x70,0xb0,0x50,0x90,0x91,0x51,0x93,0x53,0x52,0x92,

0x96,0x56,0x57,0x97,0x55,0x95,0x94,0x54,0x9c,0x5c,

0x5d,0x9d,0x5f,0x9f,0x9e,0x5e,0x5a,0x9a,0x9b,0x5b,

0x99,0x59,0x58,0x98,0x88,0x48,0x49,0x89,0x4b,0x8b,

0x8a,0x4a,0x4e,0x8e,0x8f,0x4f,0x8d,0x4d,0x4c,0x8c,

0x44,0x84,0x85,0x45,0x87,0x47,0x46,0x86,0x82,0x42,

0x43,0x83,0x41,0x81,0x80,0x40

};

unsigned16bit ModbusCRC16( unsigned8bit *puchMsg, unsigned16bit len) {

unsigned8bit hi = 0xff;

unsigned8bit lo = 0xff;

unsigned8bit i;

unsigned16bit crc;

while(len--)

{

i = hi ^ *puchMsg++;

hi = lo ^ ModbusCRCHi [ i ];

lo =ModbusCRCLo [ i ];

}

crc = hi;

crc <<= 8;

crc += lo;

return crc;

}

Frame examples3 MODBUS RTU Here are typical examples of air conditioning units

Frame interaction processQ/ROne communication is initiated by the main station, Main station sends, Send query request frame The air conditioning unit is based on the query frame from the main station, Send response frames with corresponding data, Function code.      1, Read the status of the coil01Request slave device

Read01Coil20-40Query request.

01Address of air conditioning unit
Starting register high byte01H
FC01H
Starting register low byte00H
Read13H
High byte countbitRead00H
Low byte countbitHigh byte15H
CRCLow byte0CH
CRCRequest response00H
01Address of air conditioning unit
Response data byte count01H
FC01H
High byte03H
Byte 0 ( Coils 27-20 )FEH
Byte 1 ( Coils 35-28 )4EH
Byte 2 ( Coils 43-36 )0AH
CRCLow byteE8H
CRCCoil19H

The state of use 27-20 express FEH In the last data byte, The state of the coil is:, 40-36 Their states are: 0AH, Note Fill in all remaining positions OFF-ON-OFF-ON-OFF, Function code 3 Read input bit status 0.

2, Request to read the slave device02of The input bit status

Query request01Address of air conditioning unit117-138Starting register high byte.

02Starting register low byte
Read01H
FC02H
High byte count00H
Read74H
Low byte countbitHigh byte00H
Low bytebitRequest response16H
CRCAddress of air conditioning unitB9H
CRClow-order byteDEH
02Request response
Address of air conditioning unit01H
FC02H
Response data byte count03H
Byte 0 ( Coils 124-117 )20H
Byte 1 ( Coils 132-125 )0BH
Byte 2 ( Coils 138-133 )00H
CRCHigh byte7EH
CRCLow byteB4H

3, Function code03Read and hold registers

Request to read the slave device01of Register status10-11Query request.

03Address of air conditioning unit
Starting register high byte01H
FC03H
Starting register low byte00H
Read register with high byte count09H
Read low byte register quantity00H
High byte02H
CRCLow byte14H
CRCRequest response09H
03Address of air conditioning unit
Response data byte count01H
FC03H
data High byte04H
data Low byte 0 data High byte( 108 )00H
data High byte 0 High byte( 108 )ACH
Low byte 1 Function code( 109 )01H
Read input register 1 Request to read the slave device( 109 )90H
CRCIn the middle3BH
CRCRegisterEEH

4, Query request04Address of air conditioning unit

Starting register high byte01Starting register low byte009Read register with high byte count.

04Read low byte register quantity
High byte01H
FC04H
Low byte00H
Request response08H
Address of air conditioning unit00H
Response data byte count01H
CRCdata High byteB0H
CRCdata Low byte08H
04High byte
Low byte01H
FC04H
Function code02H
Write status 0 Mandatory slave devices( 009 )00H
In the middle 0 The position is( 009 )33H
CRCStatusF9H
CRCTable 1 Digital quantity address25H

5, For05Computer Administrator Power On/Off Group

Mandatory slave device01in39Position isONStatus (Table 1 Digital quantity address39for“Computer Administrator Power On/Off Group”, This address operation can achieve remote monitoring of power on/off groups).

05Set request
Address of air conditioning unit01H
FC05H
Register high byte00H
Register low byte26H
Set high byte valueFFH
Set low byte value00H
CRCHigh byte6DH
CRCLow byteF1H
05Request response
Address of air conditioning unit01H
FC05H
Register high byte00H
Register low byte26H
Set high byte valueFFH
Set low byte value00H
CRCHigh byte6DH
CRCLow byteF1H

6, Function code06Write a single register

Request to transfer the slave device01In the middle001Register preset as00F2HValue (Table 2 Analog quantity address001Yes“Temperature Set point”, Operating on this address can change the temperature setting value).

06Set request
Air conditioning unit address01H
FC06H
Register high byte00H
Register low byte00H
Set value high byte00H
Set value low byteF2H
CRCHigh byte08H
CRCLow byte4FH
06Request response
Air conditioning unit address01H
FC06H
Register high byte00H
Register low byte00H
Set value high byte00H
Set value low byteF2H
CRCHigh byte08H
CRCLow byte)4FH

Put this resource to use in a real project?

Go to the Tool Center for message parsing, CRC verification and device debugging, or submit your requirements for selection and integration advice.

Engineer Membership

Turn this article into actionable debugging resources

After activation, you can use advanced message parsing, resource pack downloads, code examples, engineering cases and priority technical support, suitable for real project delivery.

Unlimited Advanced Tools
Resource & Code Packs
Complete Engineering Case Library
Priority Technical Support

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *.